Optimización de los grupos de riesgo de D'Amico en prostatectomía radical añadiendo la información de la resonancia nuclear magnética / Optimizing D’Amico risk groups in radical prostatectomy through the addition of magnetic resonance imaging data

Objetivos: Se pretende mejorar la eficacia predictora de la clasificación de D’Amico con la resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) de pelvis. Material y métodos: Se estudian 729 pacientes de una serie de 1.310 prostatectomías radicales por cáncer de próstata T1-T2 a quienes se realizó RNM de pelvis de estadificación. Cada paciente fue calificado con RNM de T2; T3a o T3b. Se excluyen los pacientes N (+). Se identifican los factores clínicos influyentes en el tiempo de supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica (SLPB) (PSA > 0,4 ng/ml) (estudio univariado y multivariado con modelos de Cox). Se intenta mejorar el poder predictivo del modelo de D’Amico (bajo riesgo: T1; Gleason 2-6; PSA < 10 ng/ml; riesgo intermedio: T2 o Gleason 7 o PSA 10-20 ng/ml; alto riesgo: T3 o Gleason 8-10 o PSA > 20 ng/ml). Resultados: Factores clínicos influyentes en SLPB: en el estudio univariado las variables influyentes son Gleason 7 (HR: 1,7); Gleason 8-10 (HR: 2,9); T2 (HR: 1,6); PSA 10-20 (HR: 2); PSA > 20 (HR: 4,3); D’Amico intermedio (HR: 2,1) y alto (HR: 4,8); RNM T3a (HR: 2,3) y RNM T3b (HR: 4,5). En el estudio multivariado solo son influyentes D’Amico riesgo intermedio (HR: 2; IC 95%: 1,2-3,3); D’Amico alto riesgo (HR: 4,1; IC 95%: 2,4-6,8); RNM T3a (HR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,2-2,9) y RNM T3b (HR: 3,9; IC 95%: 2,5-6,1). Modelo predictivo: utilizando los modelos multivariantes de Cox se valora el peso de cada variable. Se da un valor de 1 a D’Amico de bajo riesgo y a RNM T2; se da valor de 2 a D’Amico de riesgo intermedio y a RNM T3a y valor 3 a D’Amico alto riesgo y RNM T3b. Cada paciente tiene un marcador que oscila entre 2 y 6. El mejor modelo incluye 3 grupos. Grupo 1 (2-3 puntos, HR 1) 494 (67,7%) pacientes; SLPB de 86 ± 2% y 79 ± 2%, 5 y 10 años. Grupo 2 (4 puntos, HR 3) 179 (24,6%) pacientes; SLPB de 60 ± 4% y 54 ± 5%, 5 y 10 años. Grupo 3 (5-6 puntos, HR 9,3) 56 (7,7%) pacientes; SLPB de 29 ± 8% y 19 ± 7%, 5 y 10 años; mediana de SLPB 1,5 años. Conclusión: El modelo D'Amico mejora significativamente la capacidad de predicción de la SLPB utilizando la información de la RNM

Objectives: To improve the predictive efficacy of the D’Amico risk classification system with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. Material and methods: We studied 729 patients from a series of 1310 radical prostatectomies for T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent staging pelvic MRI. Each patient was classified with T2, T3a or T3b MRI, and N (+) patients were excluded. We identified the therapeutic factors that affected the biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) time (prostate specific antigen [PSA] levels > 0.4 ng/mL) using a univariate and multivariate study with Cox models. We attempted to improve the predictive power of the D’Amico model (low risk: T1; Gleason 2-6; PSA levels < 10 ng/mL; intermediate risk: T2 or Gleason 7 or PSA levels 10-20 ng/mL; high risk: T3 or Gleason 8-10 or PSA levels > 20 ng/mL). Results: In the univariate study, the clinical factors that influenced BPFS were the following: Gleason 7 (HR: 1.7); Gleason 8-10 (HR: 2.9); T2 (HR: 1.6); PSA levels 10-20 (HR: 2); PSA levels > 20 (HR: 4.3); D’Amico intermediate (HR: 2.1) and high (HR: 4.8) risk; T3a MRI (HR: 2.3) and T3b MRI (HR: 4.5). In the multivariate study, the only variables that affected BPFS were the following: D’Amico intermediate risk (HR: 2; 95% CI 1.2-3.3); D’Amico high risk (HR: 4.1; 95% CI 2.4-6.8); T3a MRI (HR: 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9) and T3b MRI (HR: 3.9; 95% CI 2.5-6.1). Predictive model: Using the multivariate Cox models, we assessed the weight of each variable. A value of 1 was given to D’Amico low risk and T2 MRI; a value of 2 was given to D’Amico intermediate risk and T3a MRI and a value 3 was given to D’Amico high risk and T3b MRI. Each patient had a marker that varied between 2 and 6. The best model included 3 groups, as follows: 494 (67.7%) patients in group 1, with a score of 2-3 points (HR, 1), a BPFS of 86% ± 2% and 79% ± 2% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; 179 (24.6%) patients in group 2, with a score of 4 points (HR, 3), a BPFS of 60% ± 4% and 54% ± 5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; and 56 (7.7%) patients in group 3, with a score of 5-6 points (HR, 9.3), a BPFS of 29% ± 8% and 19% ± 7% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The median BPFS time was 1.5 years. Conclusion: MRI data significantly improves the predictive capacity of BPFS when using the D’Amico model data

Optimizing D'Amico risk groups in radical prostatectomy through the addition of magnetic resonance imaging data.

OBJECTIVES: To improve the predictive efficacy of the D'Amico risk classification system with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 729 patients from a series of 1310 radical prostatectomies for T1-T2 prostate cancer who underwent staging pelvic MRI. Each patient was classified with T2, T3a or T3b MRI, and N (+) patients were excluded. We identified the therapeutic factors that affected the biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) time (prostate specific antigen [PSA] levels>0.4ng/mL) using a univariate and multivariate study with Cox models. We attempted to improve the predictive power of the D'Amico model (low risk: T1; Gleason 2-6; PSA levels<10ng/mL; intermediate risk: T2 or Gleason 7 or PSA levels 10-20ng/mL; high risk: T3 or Gleason 8-10 or PSA levels>20ng/mL). RESULTS: In the univariate study, the clinical factors that influenced BPFS were the following: Gleason 7 (HR: 1.7); Gleason 8-10 (HR: 2.9); T2 (HR: 1.6); PSA levels 10-20 (HR: 2); PSA levels>20 (HR: 4.3); D'Amico intermediate (HR: 2.1) and high (HR: 4.8) risk; T3a MRI (HR: 2.3) and T3b MRI (HR: 4.5). In the multivariate study, the only variables that affected BPFS were the following: D'Amico intermediate risk (HR: 2; 95% CI 1.2-3.3); D'Amico high risk (HR: 4.1; 95% CI 2.4-6.8); T3a MRI (HR: 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9) and T3b MRI (HR: 3.9; 95% CI 2.5-6.1). Predictive model: Using the multivariate Cox models, we assessed the weight of each variable. A value of 1 was given to D'Amico low risk and T2 MRI; a value of 2 was given to D'Amico intermediate risk and T3a MRI and a value 3 was given to D'Amico high risk and T3b MRI. Each patient had a marker that varied between 2 and 6. The best model included 3 groups, as follows: 494 (67.7%) patients in group 1, with a score of 2-3 points (HR, 1), a BPFS of 86%±2% and 79%±2% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; 179 (24.6%) patients in group 2, with a score of 4 points (HR, 3), a BPFS of 60%±4% and 54%±5% at 5 and 10 years, respectively; and 56 (7.7%) patients in group 3, with a score of 5-6 points (HR, 9.3), a BPFS of 29%±8% and 19%±7% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The median BPFS time was 1.5 years. CONCLUSION: MRI data significantly improves the predictive capacity of BPFS when using the D'Amico model data.

[Radical prostatectomy for high risk localized prostate cancer. Prognosis and study of influential variables]. / Cáncer de próstata localizado de alto riesgo tratado mediante prostatectomía radical. Pronóstico y estudio de variables influyentes.

BACKGROUND: To study the biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) achieved by a group of high risk patients in accordance with D'Amico's classification treated with radical prostatectomy. To identify the clinical-pathological variables which are influential in biochemical progression-free survival and, if possible, use them to design a prognostic model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involves 232 patients, out of a series of 1,054, diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer, qualified as high risk on D'Amico's classification (PSA>20 ng/ml or Gleason score 8-10 or T3) treated with radical prostatectomy. The BPFS is studied and the clinical-pathological variables obtained (PSA, Gleason score of the biopsy and of the piece, clinical and pathological study, unilateral or bilateral affectation, margins of the prostatectomy piece, Ki-67 expression) are analyzed to identify whether they influenced the BPFS. Contingency tables and tables for survival analysis: Kaplan-Meyer, log-rank and Cox models were used for the statistical study. RESULTS: Descriptive study: PSA: 23.3 ng/ml (median); cGleason 2-6: 33%; 7: 13%; 8-10: 54%; T2: 58%; Bilateral affectation in the diagnostic biopsy: 59%; RNM T2: 60%; RNM T3: 40%. pGleason 2-6: 24%; 7: 28%; 8-10: 48%; pT2: 43%; pT3a: 30%; pT3b: 27%; Affected margin: 51%; N1:13%. Progression-free survival: with a mean and median follow-up of 64 months; 53% show biochemical progression. The median until progression: 42 months. Progression-free survival at 5 and 10 years is 43±3% and 26±7%. The multivariate study (Cox models) shows that the variables that are independently influential in the BPFS are the affectation of margins (HR: 3.5; 95% IC.1.9-6.7; p<0001); and Ki67 >10% (HR: 2.3; 95% IC: 1.2-4.3; P: 0.009). Risk groups: using the two influential variables and employing Cox models, three risk groups emerged as the best model: Group 1 (0 variables present); Group 2 (1 variable); Group 3 (2 variables). The progression-free survival is 69±8%; 27±6% and 18±11% at 5 years. The differences amongst the three groups are significant. CONCLUSION: The high risk group according to the D'Amico classification is heterogeneous in relation to biochemical progression and can be broken down into three risk groups using the two independently influential variables (affected margins and Ki67 percentage).

Coronariografía mediante tomografía computarizada de doble fuente: calidad de imagen e intervalo de reconstrucción óptimo / Dual-source CT coronary angiography: image quality and optimal reconstruction interval

Objetivo: evaluar prospectivamente la relación entre frecuencia cardíaca y calidad de imagen, y determinar el intervalo de reconstrucción óptimo para las arterias coronarias en estudios de tomografía computarizada de doble fuente (TCDF). Material y métodos: se analizaron 28 sujetos consecutivos en que se realizó coronariografía mediante TCDF (Somatom Definition, Siemens). Las imágenes se reconstruyeron a lo largo del ciclo cardíaco en intervalos del 5% R-R. Dos observadores independientes evaluaron la calidad diagnóstica de las imágenes para las arterias coronarias (izquierda, circunfleja y derecha) (1=no evaluable; 4=calidad excelente). Resultados: la frecuencia cardíaca media de los pacientes fue 73,1±14,8lpm (rango, 49–107lpm). En el mejor intervalo de reconstrucción se obtuvo excelente calidad de imagen (4 puntos) en el 98,8% (83/84) de las arterias coronarias. La concordancia interobservador para la puntuación de calidad de imagen y selección del intervalo de reconstrucción óptimo fue muy buena (k=0,77 y k=0,86). La puntuación media de calidad para todo el árbol coronario fue 2,84±0,31. No se observó correlación entre la frecuencia cardíaca media y la calidad de la imagen de las arterias coronarias (r=0,108). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar la calidad de imagen obtenida en las reconstrucciones sistólicas y diastólicas en cada paciente. Conclusiones: la TCDF permite obtener coronariografías de excelente calidad diagnóstica independientemente de la frecuencia cardíaca. Las reconstrucciones se pueden realizar tanto en sístole como en diástole sin que hayan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la calidad, incluso con frecuencias cardíacas elevadase (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of average heart rate on the quality of images of the coronary arteries and to determine the optimal reconstruction interval in nonselected patients undergoing DSCT coronary imaging. Materials and methods: We studied 28 consecutive subjects (26 men, 2 women; mean age 60±12 years) undergoing contrast-enhanced DSCT (Somatom Definition, Siemens) coronary angiography. Data sets were reconstructed in 5% steps from 30% to 80% of the R-R interval. Two blinded independent readers assessed the image quality of the whole coronary tree and of each coronary artery using a four-point scale (1: impossible to evaluate, 4: excellent quality). Results: Mean heart rate during scanning was 73.1±14.8bpm (range, 49–107bpm). In the best reconstruction interval, excellent diagnostic image quality (score 4) was achieved for 98.8% (83/84) of coronary arteries. Very good interobserver agreement was observed for image quality rating (k=0.77) and for selection of the optimal reconstruction interval (k=0.86). Mean image quality score for the whole coronary tree was 2.84±0.31. No significant correlation was found between the average heart rate and the mean quality scores (r=0.108). No significant differences were found in the quality of images of the coronary arteries in systolic and diastolic reconstructions in each patient. Conclusions: DSCT makes it possible to obtain excellent coronary angiograms independent of the heart rate. Reconstructions can be obtained in either the diastolic or systolic phase without significant differences in image quality, even at high heart rates (AU)

Cuantificación de la función y masa ventricular izquierda mediante tomografía computarizada de doble fuente / Quantification of left ventricular function and mass in dual-source CT (DSCT)

Objetivos Evaluar la reproducibilidad interobservador para cuantificar la función y masa ventricular izquierda (VI) y valorar la exactitud para cuantificar estos parámetros utilizando un software comercial con respecto a la segmentación manual convencional. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 20 sujetos consecutivos con estudio cardíaco por tomografía computarizada de doble fuente (TCDF) y sincronización electrocardiográfica retrospectiva. Se realizaron 2 reconstrucciones multifásicas en intervalos del 5% del ciclo R-R. La función y masa del VI la cuantificaron 2 observadores independientes que dibujaron manualmente los contornos endo y epicárdicos y utilizaron un software comercial que emplea un método de segmentación semiautomático. Se analizaron la correlación entre ambos observadores, la exactitud de los distintos métodos de segmentación y el tiempo necesario para cuantificar estos parámetros. Resultados La correlación interobservador para cuantificar los parámetros de función y masa VI fue excelente (r>0,94; p<0,05). Los métodos de segmentación manual y semiautomático no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para estimar la función VI (p>0,05). Con el método semiautomático la estimación de la masa VI fue significativamente superior que al utilizar la segmentación manual (diferencia media 29,45±1,64 g; p<0,05). Para calcular estos parámetros se requirió significativamente menos tiempo con el software comercial (248,85±99,8s) que con el trazado manual (452,7±73,92s) (p<0,05). Conclusiones La reproducibilidad interobservador para cuantificar la función y la masa VI mediante TCDF es excelente. Aunque tiende a sobrestimar la masa miocárdica, el software comercial permite cuantificar los parámetros cardíacos con la misma exactitud que la segmentación manual en la mitad de tiempo (AU)

Objectives To evaluate the interobserver agreement in quantifying left ventricular function and mass and to assess the accuracy of conventional manual contour tracing compared to semiautomatic segmentation analysis software. Material and methods Twenty consecutive subjects who underwent cardiac DSCT with retrospective ECG-gating were included. Two different multiphase image reconstructions were done in 5% steps throughout the entire cardiac cycle (0¿95% of the R-R interval) with effective slice thickness of 1mm in the axial plane and 8mm in the short-axis orientation. Left ventricular function and mass were calculated by two independent observers, tracing endocardial and epicardial borders manually and using a semiautomatic software tool (Circulation II, Siemens). Ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and myocardial mass were evaluated by two independent observers blind to each other's assessments. The interobserver agreement and the reliability of the different segmentation methods were calculated. The time required for manual contouring and semiautomatic contour tracing was also registered. Results We found an excellent correlation (r>0.94; p<0.05) between the two independent observers for the quantification of left ventricular function and mass. Left ventricular functional parameters derived from semiautomatic contour software and conventional manual tracing method were not significantly different (p>0.05). The semiautomatic contour detection algorithm overestimated LV mass significantly compared with the manual contouring method (mean difference 29.45±1.64g; p<0.05). The time needed to calculate these parameters with the semiautomatic tool was significantly lower (248.85±99.8s) than with manual contouring (452.7±73.92s) (p<0.05). Conclusions (..) (AU)

[Dual-source CT coronary angiography: image quality and optimal reconstruction interval]. / Coronariografía mediante tomografía computarizada de doble fuente: calidad de imagen e intervalo de reconstrucción óptimo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of average heart rate on the quality of images of the coronary arteries and to determine the optimal reconstruction interval in nonselected patients undergoing DSCT coronary imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 28 consecutive subjects (26 men, 2 women; mean age 60+/-12 years) undergoing contrast-enhanced DSCT (Somatom Definition, Siemens) coronary angiography. Data sets were reconstructed in 5% steps from 30% to 80% of the R-R interval. Two blinded independent readers assessed the image quality of the whole coronary tree and of each coronary artery using a four-point scale (1: impossible to evaluate, 4: excellent quality). RESULTS: Mean heart rate during scanning was 73.1+/-14.8 bpm (range, 49-107 bpm). In the best reconstruction interval, excellent diagnostic image quality (score 4) was achieved for 98.8% (83/84) of coronary arteries. Very good interobserver agreement was observed for image quality rating (kappa=0.77) and for selection of the optimal reconstruction interval (kappa=0.86). Mean image quality score for the whole coronary tree was 2.84+/-0.31. No significant correlation was found between the average heart rate and the mean quality scores (r=0.108). No significant differences were found in the quality of images of the coronary arteries in systolic and diastolic reconstructions in each patient. CONCLUSIONS: DSCT makes it possible to obtain excellent coronary angiograms independent of the heart rate. Reconstructions can be obtained in either the diastolic or systolic phase without significant differences in image quality, even at high heart rates.

[Quantification of left ventricular function and mass in dual-source CT (DSCT).]. / Cuantificación de la función y masa ventricular izquierda mediante tomografía computarizada de doble fuente.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the interobserver agreement in quantifying left ventricular function and mass and to assess the accuracy of conventional manual contour tracing compared to semiautomatic segmentation analysis software. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive subjects who underwent cardiac DSCT with retrospective ECG-gating were included. Two different multiphase image reconstructions were done in 5% steps throughout the entire cardiac cycle (0-95% of the R-R interval) with effective slice thickness of 1mm in the axial plane and 8mm in the short-axis orientation. Left ventricular function and mass were calculated by two independent observers, tracing endocardial and epicardial borders manually and using a semiautomatic software tool (Circulation II, Siemens). Ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and myocardial mass were evaluated by two independent observers blind to each other's assessments. The interobserver agreement and the reliability of the different segmentation methods were calculated. The time required for manual contouring and semiautomatic contour tracing was also registered. RESULTS: We found an excellent correlation (r>0.94; p<0.05) between the two independent observers for the quantification of left ventricular function and mass. Left ventricular functional parameters derived from semiautomatic contour software and conventional manual tracing method were not significantly different (p>0.05). The semiautomatic contour detection algorithm overestimated LV mass significantly compared with the manual contouring method (mean difference 29.45+/-1.64g; p<0.05). The time needed to calculate these parameters with the semiautomatic tool was significantly lower (248.85+/-99.8s) than with manual contouring (452.7+/-73.92s) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Interobserver agreement for quantifying left ventricular function and mass using DSCT is excellent. Despite overestimating left ventricular mass, the semiautomatic software tool allows cardíac parameters to be quantified with the same reliability as the conventional manual method in half the time.

Principios básicos de resonancia magnética cardiovascular (RMC): secuencias, planos de adquisición y protocolo de estudio / Basic principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): sequences, acquisition planes and study protocol

El estudio de la patología del sistema cardiovascular por resonancia magnética (RMC) es una de las aplicaciones más actuales de esta técnica diagnóstica, ya que permite estudiar la anatomía y función del corazón y grandes vasos de forma exacta y reproducible. La complejidad de la técnica viene dada por la localización y orientación anatómica de las estructuras cardiovasculares, las secuencias específicas que se deben emplear y la ausencia de familiarización por parte de los radiólogos con la patología cardiovascular. En este trabajo se describen los principios básicos de la RMC. Se exponen la utilidad clínica de las secuencias anatómicas, funcionales y secuencias de flujo, se describen los planos de adquisición en un estudio de RMC convencional y se propone un protocolo de estudio sencillo

Evaluation of the cardiovascular system with magnetic resonance (CMR) has become one of the most relevant and up-to-the-minute clinical applications of this diagnostic technique, as CMR makes possible an exact and reproducible study of the anatomy and function of the heart and great vessels. The complexity of this technique is mainly due to the anatomical location and orientation of the cardiovascular structures, the specific CMR sequences that have to be used and a lack of familiarity amongst radiologists regarding cardiovascular pathology. In this report the most basic principles of CMR are described. The clinical usefulness of anatomical, functional, and flow quantification sequences are discussed, conventional CMR acquisition planes are described, and an easy CMR study protocol is proposed

[Basic principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): sequences, acquisition planes and study protocol]. / Principios básicos de resonancia magnética cardiovascular (RMC): secuencias, planos de adquisición y protocolo de estudio.

Evaluation of the cardiovascular system with magnetic resonance (CMR) has become one of the most relevant and up-to-the-minute clinical applications of this diagnostic technique, as CMR makes possible an exact and reproducible study of the anatomy and function of the heart and great vessels. The complexity of this technique is mainly due to the anatomical location and orientation of the cardiovascular structures, the specific CMR sequences that have to be used and a lack of familiarity amongst radiologists regarding cardiovascular pathology. In this report the most basic principles of CMR are described. The clinical usefulness of anatomical, functional, and flow quantification sequences are discussed, conventional CMR acquisition planes are described, and an easy CMR study protocol is proposed.

[Endovascular therapeutic techniques]. / Técnicas terapéuticas endovasculares.

Percutaneous and endovascular techniques have shown their efficacy in the treatment of a great variety of pathologies. The advances in diagnostic imaging as well as the development of new materials have made it possible to carry out new procedures that were unthinkable not many years ago. The irruption of this new form of treating patients has had, is having, and will have a clear impact on the multidisciplinary approach to numerous diseases.

Técnicas terapéuticas endovasculares / Endovascular therapeutic techniques

Las técnicas percutáneas y endovasculares han demostrado su eficacia en el tratamiento de una gran variedad de patologías. Los avances en la imagen diagnóstica así como en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales han posibilitado la realización de nuevos procedimientos, impensables hace no mucho años. La irrupción de esta nueva forma de tratar a los pacientes ha tenido, tiene y tendrá, aún más, un claro impacto en el enfoque multidisciplinar de múltiples enfermedades

Percutaneous and endovascular techniques have shown their efficacy in the treatment of a great variety of pathologies. The advances in diagnostic imaging as well as the development of new materials have made it possible to carry out new procedures that were unthinkable not many years ago. The irruption of this new form of treating patients has had, is having, and will have a clear impact on the multidisciplinary approach to numerous diseases